Thomas Mc Elwain
Chapter 7 - Fasting
After discussing prayer in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus approaches fasting.
Again, he warns of hypocrisy rather than giving the details of fasting. This
is again because the details of fasting were already known. If alms are discussed
in preparation for prayer, as representing purification, fasting is an
appropriate subject to follow the subject of prayer. Fasting is almost always
mentioned in the Bible along with special prayers of petition. Examples of
such fasting are in the time of Esther (Esther 4:3 and 9:31), in the experience
of Daniel (Daniel 6:18 and 9:3), and in the advice of Jesus (Matthew 17:21
and Mark 9:29). The words of David especially connect fasting with prayer
of petition: "While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept: for I said,
Who can tell whether God will be gracious to me, that the child may live?
But now he is dead, wherefore should I fast? can I bring him back again?"
2 Samuel 12:22-23.
In this text we see that fasting appears in the Bible along with weeping.
Dressing in sackcloth, sitting in ashes, and not wearing perfume are also
mentioned (Nehemiah 9:1; 1Kings 21:27). Proclaiming a fast is often associated
with a solemn assembly as well (Joel 1:14; 2:15 et al.). It appears that
special months of fasting were instituted during the Babylonian captivity
of Judah, probably in view of the crisis (Zechariah 8:19). "Thus saith the
Lord of hosts; The fast of the fourth month, and the fast of the fifth, and
the fast of the seventh, and the fast of the tenth, shall be to the house
of Judah joy and gladness, and cheerful feasts; therefore love the truth
and peace." This verse clearly suggests that these months of fasting would
no longer be observed when the reason for their existence, the Babylonian
captivity, disappeared.
But there is no specific legislation dealing with fasting. It is assumed
in the Bible text that everyone already knows that fasting is a valid practice
and how it should be done. This may indicate that some portions of the Torah
have been lost, since legislation is assumed. In fact, the only fasting mentioned
in the Torah or books of Moses is the forty-day fast of Moses (Exodus 34:28)
"And he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights; he did neither
eat bread, nor drink water." From this we can see that the fast of the Bible
is not a partial one as in Christianity, but complete: absolutely nothing
can be eaten or drunk. From the fast of Moses, of Elijah (1Kings 19:8), and
of Jesus (Matthew 4:2), we can see that on certain occasions a fast of forty
days was required. The great length of this fast indicates that, since it
is stated to be complete, it must have permitted some eating and drinking
during the night.
Although many of the fasts mentioned in the Bible are certainly personal
vows and not general practice, some general fasting practices are found.
A specific fast day in mentioned in Jeremiah 36:6. "Therefore go thou, and
read in the roll, which thou hast written from my mouth, the words of the
Lord in the ears of the people in the Lord's house upon the fasting day:
and also thou shalt read them in the ears of all Judah that come out of their
cities." Here we find a definite practice of fasting. The following verses
will show that this is not just a day of fasting, but precisely a month.
More detail on this day of fasting is given in verse nine: "And it came to
pass in the fifth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, in the
ninth month, that they proclaimed a fast before the Lord to all the people
in Jerusalem, and to all the people that came from the cities of Judah unto
Jerusalem." This is not a special fast proclaimed by a religious ruler, because
this particular king was wicked. Nevertheless, he did follow the formality
of what was practiced: the month of fasting. The time given for this fasting
is stated to be the ninth month.
The season of the fast in this particular year, thought by many scholars
to be 604 B.C., is stated to be in the winter. Jeremiah 36:22, "Now the king
sat in the winter house in the ninth month: and there was a fire on the hearth
burning before him." Now the present Jewish calendar adds a thirteenth month
from time to time to match the solar year, so that the ninth month of the
civil year (used in the dates of kings' reigns) falls in May or June, summer
in Palestine. If we project the lunar calendar presently used in the Middle
East back in history, we find that the ninth month falls in November of the
year 604 B.C. It appears that during Bible times a purely lunar calendar
was used, and the ninth month was a month of fasting.
Bible fasting includes more than just not eating and drinking, however. Isaiah
58 is the great fasting chapter of the Bible. "Behold, in the day of your
fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labors. Behold, ye fast for strife
and debate, and to smite with the fist of wickedness: ye shall not fast as
ye do this day, to make your voice to be heard on high. Is it such a fast
that I have chosen? a day for a man to afflict his soul? is it to bow down
his head as a bulrush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt
thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the Lord? Is not this the
fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy
burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?
Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that
are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him;
and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?" Isaiah 58:3-7. From
this we see that fasting includes avoiding certain pleasures on one hand,
and doing acts of charity and justice on the other. That is, there are some
other pleasures besides food and drink that must be avoided. Also, the central
meaning of the fast has to do with feeling for the hunger of the hungry and
doing something to alleviate it. In addition, especially the practice of
using sackcloth and ashes seems to be condemned. We find the same condemnation,
because of its connection with hypocrisy, mentioned by Jesus in Matthew 6.
So we find fasting a basic, though unlegislated, practice throughout the
Bible, from Moses to Peter and Paul (Acts 10:30; 14:23; 27:33; and 1Corinthians
7:5). In summary, we can say that Biblical fasting is the complete abstention
from eating and drinking and some other pleasures during the daylight hours
of the days of the ninth month of the lunar calendar. It includes acts of
charity, alms and justice, and the especial avoidance of anger and quarreling.
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