From an article by Dr. Mansour Hassab-Elnaby*
Abstract:
The greatest speed C, denoting the velocity of light in vacuum, is hinted
at in two glorious Quranic verses relating this fundamental universal contant
C with the motion of the Earth-Moon system. A new relativistic interpretation
of this Quranic relation gives C=299792.5 km/s in an extremely marvellous
agreement with the accepted international value. This astonishing result
emphasises the unity of the physical world, the validity of the special theory
of relativity and the authenticity of the Glorious Quran for
unbelievers.
Introduction:
The velocity of light C in vacuum belongs to a small group of the fundamental
constants; however, it occupies an outstanding position even within this
group. First of all, it is encountered in very different branches of physics.
It will come as no exaggeration if one says the story of the determination
of the velocity of light is a concise history of physics. And this story
has not come to an end yet.
From the ancient Greeks down to the Middle ages, the speed of light was believed
to be infinite. Aristotle believed that light propagates instantly!. In the
eleventh century, an Arabic scientist Alhassan suggests that light travels
at a finite speed. Galileo (1600) tried this speed but he Eailed saying that
light is extraordinarily rapid(l). Roemer (1676) was the first measuring
C using the eclipses of the Jovian satellite Io. He obtained an inaccurate
value of C (215000 km/s) because the diameter of the earth's orbit was not
known exactly.
Starting from 17th century, experiments show the progress of methods
and techniques in the determination of the speed C .
Froome's value was considered to be the most accurate for a long period
until 1983 when the modulated laser radiation interferometers were applied
for the determination of C with great precision.
According to the US National Bureau of Standards(3): C = 299792.4574 +
0.0011 km/
and according to the British National Physical Laboratory C = 299792.4590
+ 0.0008 km/s
A basically new definition of the metre wasaccepted in October 1983 at
the 17th General Conference on Measures and Weights(3):
"The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during
a time interval of
1/299792458 of a second".
The Fixation of the value of C after the formation of the new definition
of the meter does not mean yet the end of the story of this fundamental constant
C. There are numerous other questions dealing with the realtion between this
multifarious, enigmatic constant C and the theory of Relativity.
Recalling the second postulate of the special theory of relativity declared
by Albert Einstein (1905):
"The velocity C of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames
of reference in all directions and depend neither on the velocity of the
source nor on the velocity of the observer".
Pauli(4) (1958) said that the data on binarystars allowed us to consider
this postulate of the constancy of the velocity of light to be almost certainly
correct.
According to Einstein's general theory of relativity (1917), the law
of the constancy of the velocity C of light in vacuum can not claim any unlimited
validity because the curvature of rays of light can only take place when
the velocity of propagation of light varies with position!. Einstein(4) himself
solved this contradiction between special and general relativity declaring
in his paper written (1917):
"The results of the special relativity hold only so long as we are able
to disregard the influence of gravitational fields on the phenomena".
This validity condition of the second postulate of special relativity
is considered in the present work because the constancy of the velocity C
needs absolute space (vacuum). To attain vacuum in the Einstein's sense of
this word. it is not: sufficient just to eleminate from a volume of space
every atom, molecule and particle, it is necessary also to get rid of the
gravitational field. Therefore we have screened out the effect of the solar
gravitational field on the geocentric orbital motion of the moon, which is
considered here, according to the applied Quranic equation; as a standard
measure reference for evaluating the greatest cosmic speed described in the
Holy Quranic verses.
Lunar Orbital Motion described in
Quran:
Fourteen centuries ago, the QURAN(5), i.e. .the Holy Book of Islamic Religion,
was directed from GOD to all humanity through Prophet Mohammad, who lived
in the Arabian Peninsula.
The ARAB people use the lunar system in their calculation of time. The
Quran addressed them in the only language they could understand without upsetting
their habits. GOD (in Arabic ALLAH: the ONE and Only GOD, the CREATOR) says
in the Quran:
[10:5] "He (GOD) is the One who rendered
the sun radiant, and the moon a light, and He designed its phases that you
may learn to count the years and to calculate. GOD did not create all this,
except for a specific purpose. He explains the revelations for people who
know."
The lunar year is twelve months, the month is defined recently as the
time of one revolution of the moon in its orbit around the earth. God hints
at such orbit in the Quran:
[21:33] And He is the One who created the
night and the day, and the sun and the moon; each floating in its own
orbit.
Here an essential scientific fact is clearly stated, namely, the existence
of the earth's, sun'so and moon's orbits; besides, a reference is made to
the travelling of these celestial bodies in space with their own motion!
A new concept had therefore been established in the Quran, hundreds of years
before it was discovered by modern science(6-7)
Today the concept of the lunar year is widely spread and, as we know,
the moon is our nearest neighbour in space, and a companion to our planet.
It is often said that the earth and moon form a twin-planet. As the moon
orbits around the earth, the change in the relative positions of the moon,
earth and sun cause the moon to show its phases(8-9). The time between
consecutive new moons is 29.53 days and is called the synodic month. During
this time, however, the earth, and consequently the moon's orbit, have travelled
some way around the sun, so the position of the moon against the background
of stars is different. 'l;he time for the moon to return to the same position
in the sky as viewed from earth is called the sidereal month (27.32 days)
which represents the actual real net time of one revolution in the moon's
orbit. This orbit is almost circular having an average radius r=384264 km.
Fig. 1 describes the moon's motion during a lunar month. Position A1
shows a new moon. Position B (about 2 weeks later than A1) illustrates the
following full moon. Position A2 the moon has orbited the earth once (with
respect to an apparently fixed star). Thus one sidereal period (27.32 days)
has elapsed since position A1. The next new moon does not occur until position
A3 where the moon has once again lined up with the sun. Thus one lunar synodic
period (29.53 days) has elapsed since position A1.
Referring to the Quranic verse (10:5), we notice that it discriminates
between the apparent synodic period for knowing the number of years and the
real sidereal period for reckoning in scientific calculations. These two
systems of measuring time are now given in the text books of Astronomy as
indicated(l¡) in table 1:
Table (1) Lunar month and terrestrial:day
| Period |
Siderial |
Synodic |
| Lunar Month T |
27.321661 days = 655.71986 hours |
29.53059 days |
| Terrestrial day t |
23 h, 56 min 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906 sec |
24 hours = 86400 sec |
The aim of this work is to determine the value of the greatest speed mentioned
in the following relativistic Quranic verses. In these verses the sideral
system should be used for both the lunar month and the terrestrial day as
accurate measured periods (with respect to a distant apparently fixed
star).
A New Relation in the Earth-Moon
System:
The length of the moons' orbit L and the time t of one terrestrial day
are correlated in a marvellous Quranic verse which describes a universal
constant velocity of a certain cosmic affair as follows:
[ 32:5] All matters are controlled by Him
(GOD) from the heaven to the earth. To Him, the day is equivalent to one
thousand of your years.
the Quranic expression "of your years" leaves no doubt as to our
understanding of the year as the lunar year.
The verse begins with a reference to a certain "cosmic affair" which
GOD creates and commands. This affair travels, permanently through the whole
universe between the heavens and the Earth, so speedily that it crosses in
ONE DAY a maximum distance in space equivalent to that which the moon passes
during ONE THOUSAND LUNAR YEAR (i.e. during 12000 Sidereal months). The question
which pause.; itself now is: what could this cosmic affair be? and what is
its greatest velocity as expressed in this Quranic equation?.
To answer this question. The above Quranic verse has been understood**
in terms of the following equation:
Distance crossed in vacuum by the universal cosmic affair in Osle sidereal
day = length of 12000 revolutions of the moon around the earth.
.:. Ct = 12000 L .
where:
C is the velocity of the cosmic affair,
t is the time interval of one terrestrial sidereal day kefined as the
time of one rotation of the earth. about its axis (relative to the stars).
i.e. 23 hr, 56 min, 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906sec. )
L is the inertial distance which the moon covers in c-o revolution around
the earth during one sidereal month i.e. L is the net length of the moon's
orbit due to its own geocentric motion, without the interference of its spiral
motion causec by the earth's revolution around the sun, i.e. _ is the lunar
orbit length excluding the effec- of the solar gravitational field on the
measured value.
Let V is the measured average orbital velocity of the moon deduced from
the average radius R of the lunar geocentric orbit tas measured from an orbiting
earth during its heliocentric motion)
.:. V=2 Pi *R/T....................................................(2)
substituting R = 384264 km and T = the siderial lunar month = 655.71986
hr
.:. V= (2X3.l4l6x384264 )/ 655.71986= 3682.07 km/hr
This value is given in all text books of astronomy and is accepted by
NASA.
Let @ (Fig. 1) is the angle travelled by the earth moon system around
the sun during one sidereal month of period 27.321661 days. We can calculate
@ if we take into consideration the period (365.25636 days)of one heliocentric
revolution (1 year) of the earth-moon system (Fig.l).
@ = 27.321661*360/365.25636= 26,92848
Thus @ is a characteristic constant of this system depending on uniformperiods
of the month and the year.
Since the presence of the sun changes the geometrical properties of space
and time , we must screen out its gravitational effect on the earth moon
system according to the validity condition of the second postulate of special
relativity, i.e. we must only consider the lunar geocentric motion without
the heliocentric motion of the earth-moon system. Thus a velocity component
VO=V cosO representing the net orbital velocity of the moon as shown in fig.
(1) is introduced for calculating the net length L of the lunar orbit assuming
a stationary earth.
.:. L = V cos @ T ......................... (3)
From equation (1) and (3) we get a new Quranic relation for the earth
moon system:
Ct= 12000 V cos @
T..........................................................................................(4)
.:. Ct =12000 V cos @
T/t....................................................................................(5)
substituting the sidereal values of the periods t and T from table (2),
the NASA value of the measured orbital lunar velocity V = 3682.07 km/hr.,
and the calculated yalue of cos@ = cos 26.92848 = 0.89157, we get the velocity
of the cosmic affair from eq. 5 as expressed in the Holy Quran.
C=12000 x 3682.07 x 0.89157 x 655.71986/86164.0906
.:. C = 299792.5 km/s
Referring to the international value of C = 299792.458 km/s we find an
extremely marvellous agreement. Thus we conclude that the cosmic affair,
mentioned in the previous Quranic verse, is identical to LIGHT and all similar
cosmic affairs travelling in vacuum with this maximum speed such as: all
types of electro magnetic waves propagating between the heavens and the earth,
the expected Gravitational waves spreading all over the universe, and all
particles travelling in this cosmic greatest spead such as neutrinos.
It is very interesting to mention here the second Quranic verse that
hints at the same relativistic Quranic equation in the earth-moon system:
God Most High said:
[ 22:47] They challenge
you to bring retribution, and GOD never fails to fulfill His prophecy. A
day of your Lord is like a thousand of your years.
Thus both relativistic Quranic equations emphasise the obtained value
of the greatest speed C and show that C is a permanent absolute constant.
Actually there have been no scientific evidence that the value of C can change
in time as yet. The constancy principle of special relativity is confirmed
in the present work, which correlates also the speed of light C in vacuum
with the celestial mechanics of the earth-moon system. Referring to equation
(4) and substituting the velocity V from eq. (2), we find that the average
radius of the moon.
R = [C/12000x2 Pi
Cos@]*t.....................................................(6)
.:. "The average radius R of the lunar orbit is directly proportional
to the period of one terrestrial sidereal day t.".
This new law deduced in the present work is important so far as it confirms
the law of conservation of momentum in the Earth-Moon system. Moreover it
implies the influence of the tidal effect and the gravitational change factor
on the this system.
According to Dirac's cosmology, the universal gravitational constant
G must be variable in time! i.e., it decreases with the age Tv of the universe
according to Diracs equation:
G=[e^4/(m*e^2pC^3)]*1/T...................................................................(7)
where e the electronic charge, m and p are the masses of the the electron
and proton respectively. Also according to Newtons law, the gravitational
changes affect the radius R of the lunar orbit as indicated in the following
equation(ll)
R=[h^2/m^2*M]*1/G..........................................................................(8)
where h is the angular momentum of the moon about the earth, m and M are
the masses of the moon and earth respectively. Since h,m and M remain unchanged
with time, the radius R is inversely proportional to G. Correlating the last
three equations, further studies in Cosmology may be prompted and
facilitated.
Conclusion:
It is both important and interesting to find a new astronomical relationZ
between the radius of the lunar orbit R and the time t of one terrestrial
day deduced according to a new relativistic interpretation of a cosmic Quranic
verse alluding to the greatest universal speed identical to the velocity
C of light in vacuum.
It is so awesome to find unity in the complex of phenomena, that at first
sight appear to have nothing in common. This work proves the universality
and constancy of the fundamental constant C as the Greatest Cosmic Speed
and reveals the Glorious Quran as a Holy Book worth studying with meticulous
analysis since its author is the CREATOR of the Universe.
References:
1) "The speed of light", J.H. Rush Scientific American p. 67, August, 1955.
2) Physics, Halliday and Resnick, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
1966.
3) The Greatest Speed, S.R. Filonovich, Mir Publishers Moscow 1986.
4) Theory of Relativity, Pauli, W. Pergmann Press, Oxford, 1958.
5) The meaning of the Glorious Quran, A. Yusuf, Ali. Dar Al-Kitab
Al-Masry.
6) The Glorious Quran and Modern Science, Mansour, Hassab, El-Naby, General
Egyptian Book Organization BoulacCairo (1990).
7) The Bible, The Quran and Science, Maurice Bucaill, North American Trust
Publication (1979).
8) Astronomy, J. Mitton, Faber and Faber London, P. 20 (1978).
9) Discovering the universe Charles, E. Long, Harper & Row Publishers,
P. 63 (1980).
10) Macmillan Dictionary of Astronomy, Valerie Illingworth, The Macmillan
Press Ltd., London, 1985.
11) The Structure of the Universe, J. Narlikar, Oxford Univ. Press, P.
139, 172, 175 (1977).
* Professor of Physics, Women's College, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt
** This interpretation has been suggested by Zindani, A. and Dezahf M.
(1989), Organization of Scientific Miracles c_ Quran, Muslim World League
Makka- kingdom of Saudi Arabian.
The total number of verses in the Quran is 6346. This includes 112
unnumbered Basmalahs which occur at the beginning of the suras. (Note that
the first sura has a numbered Basmalah). Without the unnumbered Basmalahs,
the number of verses in the Quran is 6234. The mathematical structure of
the Quran based on the number 19 makes this number an undeniable fact, and
confirms that Sura 9 always had 127, and not 129 as has been disputed
historically.
Here is some of the known facts:
(1) The total number of the verses in the Quran, i.e. 6346 is a multiple
of 19 : 6346= 19 X 334
(2) The digits of 6346 add up to 19: 6+3+4+6= 19
(3) When we add the numbers of all suras, plus the number of verses
in every sura, plus the sum of verse numbers, the grand total for the whole
Quran comes to 346199 or 19X 18221
(4) Adding up the digits of the Quran's suras and verses produces a
total of 1881, or 19 X 99.
(5)The last sura revealed to Prophet Muhammed was Sura Al-Nassr (Triumph).
The number of this sura in the Quran is 110, and it has three verses. We
already know that this sura consists of 19 Arabic words and the first verse
consists of 19 Arabic letters.
(6) Studying Sura Al-Nassr showed that the gematrical (Numerical) value
of its verses are as follows :
Verse 1 has 1638 Gematrical value.
Verse 2 has 1771 and verse 3 has 2715, the total gematrical values of the
three verses come to 6124, knowing this was the last sura revealed to the
Prophet, if you add this number 6124 to the number of the sura in the Quran,
i.e.110 we get: 110+6124= 6234 which is the total number of the (numbered)
verses in the Quran.
A quick observation is that Sura 110 has 3 numbered verses and one
unnumbered verse, this make the total 110+3+1 =114 which is the total number
of the Suras in the Quran.
So in the last revelation to the Prophet Muhammed ,God put his code
to confirm the total number of both the verses and the suras in the Quran.
Allaho Akbar.
For more about the Mathematical Miracle of the Quran check our miracle
section.
MATHEMATICAL MIRACLE OF THE QURAN
info@submission.org
